History Islamic studies

islamic studies argued muslims begin founding of islamic religion abraham, continue throughout history of judaism islamic prophets such david , solomon, christianity jesus in particular, , modern times final revelation of god revealed prophet muhammad.

the first attempt understand islam topic of modern scholarship (as opposed christological heresy) within context of 19th-century christian european oriental studies.

some orientalists praised religious tolerance of islamic countries in contrast christian west.

in years 1821 1850, royal asiatic society in england, société asiatique in france, deutsche morgenländische gesellschaft in germany, , american oriental society in united states founded.

in 2nd half of 19th century, philological , historical approaches predominant. leading in field german researchers theodore nöldeke  s study on history of quran, or ignaz goldziher  s work on prophetic tradition.

western orientalists , muslim scholars alike preferred interpret history of islam in conservative way. did not question traditional account of time of islam, of muhammad , how quran written.

in 1970s, revisionist school of islamic studies questioned uncritical adherence traditional islamic sources , started develop new picture of earliest times of islam applying historical-critical method.