General judicial settlements Judicial reform of Alexander II

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an 1850s caricature ridiculing pre-reform court system


general judicial settlements included district courts, judicial chambers, , senate.


each district court covered several uyezds. judges nominated minister of justice , appointed tsar. judge had meet requirements, included length of service, immaculate reputation, , property qualification. there no fixed tenure district court judges.


the law provided different cases depending on gravity of offence , on difficulty of investigation heard different boards of judges. board include 3 judges, judge , jury or judge , representatives of estates. introduction of representatives of estates, enjoyed same rights judges, heavily criticized inconsistent unification of court system.


one of important results of reform wide introduction of jury trials. jury trial included 3 professional judges , twelve jurors. juror had possess real estate of value. unlike in modern jury trials, jurors not decide whether defendant guilty or not guilty decide defendant guilty not punished, alexander ii believed justice without morality wrong. sentence rendered professional judges.


unlike trials estate of realm representatives sit in upper courts, jury trials held on level of district court. liberals praised introduction of jury trials-a few intellectuals criticized them. 2 examples of such critics can seen in leo tolstoy s resurrection , fyodor dostoyevsky s brothers karamazov. in 1878, revolutionary vera zasulich failed assassinate st. petersburg governor-general fyodor trepov, had ordered political prisoner flogged. though obvious zasulich guilty, jury acquitted completely. verdict of jury based not on law on feeling of injustice committed trepov, case of jury nullification.


judicial chambers courts of appeal cases heard in district courts. had original jurisdiction in high crimes (usually if offender official). each judicial chamber covered several guberniyas. judges appointed tsar.


the highest court senate. included department of cassation in civil cases , department of cassation in criminal cases. heard appeals brought on cases heard in lower courts. department of cassation, in criminal cases, court of first instance serious crimes. in 1877, within senate, disciplinary commission judges established.


the regulations provided extraordinary supreme criminal court. convened if serious crime committed highest officials or assassination attempt on tsar or relatives.







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