Early history Sultanate of Singora

-


siamese vassal states in deep south showed allegiance ayuthaya sending tribute. along slaves , weapons, tribute consisted of bunga mas, small tree decorated gold.


the sultanate of singora, known songkhla @ khao daeng, port city in deep south of thailand , precursor of present-day town of songkhla. located near southern tip of sathing phra peninsula, on , around foothills of khao daeng mountain in singha nakhon. british , dutch east india company traders called city sangora; japanese officials knew shinichu; contemporary french writers used names singor, cingor , soncourat.


singora founded in 17th century dato mogol, persian muslim accepted siamese suzerainty , paid tribute kingdom of ayutthaya. port said ideal , able accommodate more 80 large vessels; network of overland , riverine routes expedited trans-peninsular trade sultanate of kedah. jeremias van vliet, director of dutch east india company s trading post in ayuthaya, described singora 1 of siam s principal cities , major exporter of pepper; french traveller , gem merchant john baptista tavernier wrote city s abundant tin mines. cottonian manuscript @ british library discusses singora s duty-free policy , viability hub regional trade:



itt not amiss build strong howse in sangora lyeth 24 leagues northwarde of patania, under gouerment of datoe mogoll, vassall king of siam: in place maie rendezvouz bee made bring thinges shall gather provideing of ffactories of siam, cochinchina, borneo , partlie our ffactorie in japan, shall gather according advises thereof, , hither bring such wares wee shall gather foresaid places bee sent bantam , jaccatra: howse willbee found bee verie necessarie, charges willbee highe in patania besides inconveniences there; charges shall spare @ sangora: there pay no custome, onlie small gift datoe mogoll cann effect here.




dato mogol died in 1620 , succeeded eldest son, sulaiman. period of turmoil erupted ten years later when queen of pattani branded new ruler of siam, king prasat thong, usurper , tyrant. queen withheld tribute , ordered attacks on ligor (present-day nakhon si thammarat) , bordelongh (present-day phatthalung); ayuthaya responded blockading pattani army of 60,000 men, enlisting of dutch people in capturing city. singora became involved in dispute , in 1633 sent envoy ayuthaya requesting help. outcome of request not known, dutch records show singora severely damaged , pepper crop destroyed.





cite error: there <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on page, references not show without {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see page).







Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

File format Wavefront .obj file

-
1 file format 1.1 geometric vertex 1.2 parameter space vertices 1.3 face elements 1.3.1 vertex indices 1.3.2 vertex texture coordinate indices 1.3.3 vertex normal indices 1.3.4 vertex normal indices without texture coordinate indices 1.4 other geometry formats 1.5 referencing materials 1.6 relative , absolute indices file format lines beginning hash character (#) comments. # comment an obj file may contain vertex data, free-form curve/surface attributes, elements, free-form curve/surface body statements, connectivity between free-form surfaces, grouping , display/render attribute information. common elements geometric vertices, texture coordinates, vertex normals , polygonal faces: # list of geometric vertices, (x,y,z[,w]) coordinates, w optional , defaults 1.0. v 0.123 0.234 0.345 1.0 v ... ... # list of texture coordinates, in (u, v [,w]) coordinates, these vary between 0 , 1, w optional , defaults 0. vt 0.500 1 [0] vt ... ... # list of vertex normals in (x,y,z) for...
Read more

CEFR alignment Euroexam International

-
table 1 - euroexam cefr equivalence euroexam provides tests of communicative english language proficiency @ 5 of 6 levels of cefr, practical tool language professionals evaluate different linguistic competencies of ‘can do’ descriptors. euroexams written, marked, , results calibrated based on cefr levels. means euroexam c1 level pass equivalent other exam board’s c1 level pass, example ielts 6.5 no element less 5.5., or cambridge english language assessment s 180 or cae grade c. (see table 1) euroexams has been directly involved in number of cefr development projects, last of in 2016. euroexam employs combination of internal , independent research support claim of equivalence cefr , other major exams.
Read more

Books Soma Valliappan

-
1 books 1.1 hr, investment , management 1.2 columns 1.3 creative writing books hr, investment , management valliyappan’s first book, thittamiduvom vetriperuvom, dealt self-development, published in year 2002. first book did in market , continued authoring books such thottathellam ponnaagum, kaalam ungal kaladiyil etc. introduced many specialized subjects in management tamil readers. valliyappan’s alla alla panam, published in august 2004 kizhakku publishers (new horizon media), created new record of sorts in tamil publishing world. book sold ten thousand copies in first few months of launch, unheard of investment book in tamil. in 2010, book’s sale crossed 1 lakh mark. following phenomenal success of alla alla panam, (aap) introduced basics of stock market, went ahead , wrote 4 more books on different aspects of stock market , investment technical & fundamental analysis (aap-2), futures , options( aap-3), portfolio management (aap-4) , trading (aap-5). soon, valliyappan became name...
Read more