History Liaoning

shenyang, capital of liaoning province

liaoning located in southern part of northeast china. in past, formed part of korean kingdoms gojoseon, goguryeo, , balhae, chinese polities such yan state (of zhou dynasty) , han dynasty. inhabited non-han peoples such xiongnu, donghu, xianbei. in addition, khitan, jurchen, mongol empire , northern yuan ruled liaoning.

the ming liaodong wall (in purple)

the ming empire took control of liaoning in 1371, 3 years after expulsion of mongols beijing. around 1442, defense wall constructed defend agricultural heartland of province potential threat jurchen-mongol oriyanghan (who ming s tributaries) northwest. between 1467 , 1468, wall expanded protect region northeast well, against attacks jianzhou jurchens (who later become known manchu people). although similar in purpose great wall of china, liaodong wall of lower-cost design. while stones , tiles used in parts, of wall in fact earth dike moats on both sides.

the late-ming liaodong (eastern liaoning) separated wall kingdom of jurchen (regno di niuche). map created during qing, , mentions presently jurchen (tartari del kin) have conquered rest of china

despite liaodong wall, manchus conquered liaodong, or eastern liaoning, in 17th century, decades before rest of china fell them. manchu dynasty, styled later jin , established capital in 1616–1621 in xingjing (兴京), located outside of liaodong wall in eastern part of modern liaoning province (today s ruins of hetu ala @ xilaocheng village in xinbin manchu autonomous county (新宾满族自治县), part of fushun city). moved dongjing (east of today s liaoyang, liaoning), , in 1625 shengjing (now, shenyang, liaoning). although main qing capital moved shengjing beijing after fell qing in 1644, shengjing retained importance regional capital throughout of qing era.

the qing conquest of liaoning resulted in significant population loss in area, many local chinese residents either killed during fighting, or fled south of great wall, many cities being destroyed retreating ming forces themselves. late 1661, civil governor (fuyin) of fengtian province, zhang shangxian reported that, outside of fengtian city (shenyang), liaoyang, , haicheng, other cities east of liaohe either abandoned, or hardly had few hundred residents left. in governor s words, tieling , fushun have few vagrants . west of liaohe, ningyuan, jinzhou, , guangning had significant populations remaining.

liaodong (leao-tong) in qing, surrounded willow palisade. map, published in 1734, based on data collected jesuits in 18th century. capital in shenyang (chinyang); other cities mentioned in governor zhang s report shown well

in latter half of seventeenth century (starting laws issued in 1651 , 1653), imperial qing government recruited migrants south of great wall (notably, shandong) settle relatively sparsely populated area of fengtian province (roughly corresponding today s liaoning). many of current residents of liaoning trace ancestry these seventeenth century settlers. rest of china s northeast, however, remained officially off-limits han chinese of manchu era. prevent migration of chinese regions (today s jilin , heilongjiang, adjacent parts of inner mongolia), so-called willow palisade constructed (ca. 1638 – ca. 1672). palisade encircled agricultural heartlands of fengtian, running in areas either outside old ming liaodong wall, or reusing it, , separating manchu forests northeast , mongol grazing lands northwest.

later on, qing government tried stop migrants flow fengtian or make settlers return original places of residence – or, failing that, legalize them. example, edict issued in 1704 commented on recent han chinese settlers in fengtian having failed comply earlier orders requiring them leave, , asked them either register , join local defense group (保; bao), or leave province original places within next ten years. ten years later, naturally, edict appeared, reminding of necessity illegal migrants... in event, restrictive policy not effective desired officials in beijing, , fengtian s population doubled between 1683 , 1734.

during qing dynasty, manchuria ruled 3 generals, 1 of whom, general of shengjing (mukden jiyanggiyūn) ruled of modern liaoning. in 1860, manchu government began reopen region migration, resulted in han chinese becoming dominant ethnic group in region.

in 20th century, province of fengtian set in liaoning today. when japan , russia fought russo-japanese war in 1904–1905, many key battles took place in liaoning, including battle of port arthur , battle of mukden, was, point, largest land battle ever fought. during warlord era in twentieth century, liaoning under fengtian clique, including zhang zuolin , son zhang xueliang. province first received present name on january 29, 1929; zhongdong railway incident took place later year. in 1931, japan invaded , area came under rule of japanese-controlled puppet state of manchukuo. chinese civil war took place following japanese defeat in 1945 had first major battles (the liaoshen campaign) in , around liaoning.

dalian, second largest city in liaoning province

at founding of people s republic of china in 1949, liaoning did not exist; instead there 2 provinces, liaodong , liaoxi, 5 municipalities, shenyang, lüda (present-day dalian), anshan, fushun, , benxi. these merged liaoning in 1954, , parts of former rehe province merged liaoning in 1955. during cultural revolution liaoning took in part of inner mongolia, though reversed later.

liaoning 1 of first provinces in china industrialize, first under japanese occupation, , more in 1950s , 1960s. city of anshan, example, home 1 of largest iron , steel complexes in china. in recent years, focus on heavy industry has become liability, many of large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. recognizing special difficulties faced liaoning , other provinces in northeast china because of heritage of heavy industry, chinese central government launched revitalize northeast campaign.