Examples Hypercorrection

1 examples

1.1 english

1.1.1 personal pronouns
1.1.2 h-adding
1.1.3 hyperforeignism
1.1.4 english second language


1.2 chinese
1.3 bulgarian
1.4 russian

1.4.1 palatalization


1.5 serbo-croatian

1.5.1 accusative vs. locative


1.6 german

1.6.1 dialect versus standard german
1.6.2 genitive versus dative


1.7 norwegian
1.8 dutch versus west flemish
1.9 latin
1.10 hebrew , yiddish
1.11 spanish
1.12 hungarian
1.13 finnish
1.14 polish

examples

hypercorrection not particular english. can occur wherever multiple languages or language varieties in contact.

english

english has no authoritative body governing correct usage, unlike other languages, such arabic (مجمع اللغة العربية), french (académie française , office québécois de la langue française), italian (accademia della crusca), icelandic (Íslensk málstöð), , spanish (real academia española). nonetheless, within groups of users of english, usages considered unduly elaborate adherences formal rules.

such speech or writing called hyperurbanism, defined kingsley amis indulged desire posher posh .

personal pronouns

jack lynch, assistant professor of english @ rutgers university, says correction of me , , subject leads people internalize rule , somehow more proper, , end using in places should not – such gave , when should gave , me.

on other hand, linguists rodney huddleston , geoffrey k. pullum claim utterances such invited sandy , heard in conversation of people status speakers of standard english clear , condemn assume case of pronoun in coordination must same when stands alone. actual usage in conflict assumption.

h-adding

some british accents, such cockney, drop initial h words, e.g. have becomes ave. hypercorrection associated h-adding, adding h word not have initial h . example of can found in speech of character parker in thunderbirds, e.g. ll ave h aristocrats ere (from episode vault of death ). parker s speech based on real person creators encountered @ restaurant in cookham.

another example british author sue townsend s adrian mole books, adrian mole discussing security guard when offer latest literary work review. security guard replies: h or h next poet laureate? h , h if h are, may h offer h utmost congratulations?

hyperforeignism

hyperforeignism arises speakers misidentifying distribution of pattern found in loanwords , extending other environments. result of process not reflect rules of either language. example, habanero pronounced though spelled ⟨habañero⟩, in imitation of other spanish words jalapeño , piñata.

english second language

some english-spanish cognates differ beginning s vs. es , such english word spectacular , spanish word espectacular . native spanish speaker may conscientiously hypercorrect word establish writing or saying stablish , archaic.

chinese

in cantonese, speakers omit initial [ŋ]. instance, character 牙 (jyutping: ngaa4, meaning tooth ), ends being pronounced aa4 . prescriptivists tend consider these changes substandard , denounce them being lazy sounds (chinese: 懶音; jyutping: laan5 jam1). however, in case of hypercorrection, speakers have started pronouncing words should have null initial using initial [ŋ], though according historical chinese phonology, words light tones (which correspond tones 4, 5, , 6 in jyutping) had voiced initials (which includes [ŋ]). because of hypercorrection, words such 愛 (jyutping: oi3, meaning love ), has dark tone, pronounced speakers [ŋ] initial, ngoi3 .

idiomatically, words such 溝 (/kɐu˥/ communication ) have evolved sound /kʰɐu˥/ avoid embarrassment, because 㞗 /kɐu˥/ vulgar word in cantonese, speakers insist on pronouncing /kɐu˥/ , may cause ridicule.

speakers of mandarin dialects, particularly in south of china , in taiwan, pronounce retroflex initials [tʂ], [tʂʰ] , [ʂ] alveolar initials [ts], [tsʰ], , [s]. such speakers may hypercorrect pronouncing words should start [ts], [tsʰ] , [s] if started retroflex counterparts.

in taiwan, under influence of taiwanese (min nan), many people pronounce initial [f] [xw], , hypercorrect pronouncing initial [xw] [f]. noticeable in hakka population, many words begin in [x] in mandarin , taiwanese begin in [f] in hakka. (examples: 火, 花)

erhua hypercorrection may occur among non-native speakers of rhotic chinese.

bulgarian

in standard bulgarian , in eastern dialects, old yat letter pronounced я ( ya ) when stressed , following syllable not contain vowels и ( ) or е ( e ), , pronounced е in other cases. in western dialects pronounced е. attempting speak standard bulgarian dialect, speakers western bulgaria mispronounce many words containing yat letter – голями ( golyami ), желязни ( zhelyazni ), бяли ( byali ), видяли ( vidyali ), спряни ( spryani ), живяли ( zhivyali ) instead of големи ( golemi ), железни ( zhelezni ), бели ( beli ), видели ( videli ), спрени ( spreni ), живели ( zhiveli ). trend common past participles such видяли.

russian

palatalization

russian speakers palatalize consonants in loanwords had never been palatized (as [mɐˈdʲern] instead of [mɐˈdɛrn] модерн) under influence of spelling. russian has 5 so-called hard vowels (а, э, ы, у, о), follow hard or unpalatized consonants, each corresponding soft vowel (я, е, и, ю, ё respectively), follow soft or palatized consonants. however, hard vowel э has orthographic limits allowing written @ beginning of word or after vowel (as in cyrillic spelling of aeroflot). in many loanwords, soft vowel e written read if э.

serbo-croatian

the syllables je , ije appear in western standard of serbo-croatian (spoken in croatia, bosnia , herzegovina, montenegro , south-western parts of serbia) eastern standard (spoken in of serbia) has variation in quantity (length of vowel) of e. not every eastern standard e becomes je or ije in western. eastern standard speakers may hypercorrect dialect either undersupplying or oversupplying jes , ijes.

accusative vs. locative

as locative case used in colloquial usage in southern , eastern dialects of serbia, , accusative used instead, speakers tend overcorrect when using language in more formal occasions, using locative when accusative should used (typically, when indicating direction rather location): izlazim na kolovozu instead of izlazim na kolovoz .

german

dialect versus standard german

in german, accent spoken in cities of düsseldorf, cologne , surroundings heavily features front ch sound (aka ich sound , [ç]) standard german calls sch [ʃ] sound. speakers accent fich [fɪç] instead of fisch [fɪʃ] (fish), , tich [tɪç] instead of tisch [tɪʃ] (table). due hypercorrection of rhineland dialect prevalent in area of germany, accent replaces front ch [ç] sound sch [ʃ] sound ( ich [ʔɪç] => isch [ʔɪʃ]). attempting avoid error, speakers of ripuarian accent hypercorrect abundance of ch [ç].

genitive versus dative

another example use of genitive case dative case required. colloquially, genitive dropped in favor of dative if correct grammatical usage demands genitive. because language critics deride such substitution, german speakers use genitive prepositions demand dative (e.g., entgegen, gegenüber), seemingly under false impression genitive right , dative wrong, or @ least genitive better form dative.

norwegian

as /w/-sound not exist in norwegian, norwegians speaking english produce [v] /w/. such speakers hypercorrect pronouncing [w] /v/ /w/, pronouncing word such vexed [wɛkst].

dutch versus west flemish

the west flemish dialects not use dutch ch /x/ (northern dutch pronunciation) or /ç/ (southern dutch pronunciation). instead pronounce both g , ch soft h , whereas standard dutch way pronounce them respectively in /ç/ , /ʝ/ in southern dutch or both /x/ in northern dutch. example, west-fleming pronounce phrase een gouden hart (a golden heart) een houden hart . older people, grew speaking nothing dialect, unaware there difference between g , ch , h altogether , trying mimic dutch, overcompensate , pronounce every word pronounce h -sound g . includes words pronounced h . in example above, go overboard , pronounce phrase een gouden hart een gouden gart .

a popular joke illustrates phenomenon. concerns pastor of west flemish church, wants impress flock celebrating mass in flawless, civilized dutch. civilized dutch consists of pronouncing ch , g northern dutch /ç/ (instead of h west flemish dialect does). absolutely sure, pronounces h /ç/ though should continue pronouncing h . results follows; instead of praying de hele kerk (the whole church) ends praying de gele kerk (the yellow church) , de heilige maagd (the holy virgin) becomes de geilige maagd (the horny virgin). finally, ends sermon in asking should de goede hulp van de heer (the of lord). instead asks de goede gulp van de geer (the zip of gusset).

latin

in middle ages, spelling of latin simplified in various respects: example, æ , oe became e, , ch became c. these changes reversed, , e , c expanded æ (or oe) , ch, when such spelling contradicted classical latin. example, caelum contracted celum , re-expanded coelum. these spellings preserved in english derivatives, including et cætera , et coetera (occasionally found variants et cetera); british , international english foetus (originally fetus, spelled in american english).

hebrew , yiddish

careful hebrew speakers taught avoid colloquial pronunciation of בדיוק (bediyyuq, ) [biˑ.ˈdjuk]. many speakers accordingly pronounce להיות (lihyot, ) if spelled lehiyyot ([lɛˑ.hiˑ.ˈjot]), there no grammatical justification doing so.

the vowel qamatz gadol, in accepted sephardic pronunciation rendered /aː/, becomes /ɔ/ in ashkenazi hebrew (and therefore in yiddish). on other hand, vowel qamatz qatan, visually indistinguishable qamatz gadol, rendered /o/ in both pronunciations. leads hypercorrections in both directions.

other hypercorrections occur when speakers of israeli (based on sephardic) hebrew attempt pronounce ashkenazi hebrew, example religious purposes. month of shevat (שבט) mistakenly pronounced shvas , if spelled *שְׁבַת. in attempt imitate polish , lithuanian dialects, qamatz (both gadol , qatan), pronounced [ɔ], hypercorrected pronunciation of holam, [ɔj], rendering גדול ( large ) goydl , ברוך ( blessed ) boyrukh.

spanish

in spanish dialects, final intervocalic /d/ ([ð]) dropped, such in pescado (fish), typically pronounced [pesˈkaðo] can manifested [pesˈkao] dialectically. speakers sensitive variation may insert /d/ intervocalically word without such consonant, such in case of bacalao (cod), correctly pronounced [bakaˈlao] hypercorrected [bakaˈlaðo].

the same holds true speakers seseo, pronounce letters z , soft c [s], find in parts of spain pronounce them [θ] (distinción), hypercorrect instances of s [θ] (ceceo).

in spanish dialects, in caribbean, /s/ debuccalized @ end of syllables [h], or elided completely, pescado [pehˈkaðo] or [peˈkaðo]. result, speakers these areas may add [s] sound words not contain letter s.

hungarian

in hungarian suffix -ban/ben indicates location, such házban (in house), while -ba/be indicates direction, such házba (in(to) house). speakers of regional dialects or rural speakers use latter, shorter forms both cases: házba vagyok (incorrect: m in(to) house). mistake perceived lower quality or uneducated speech. avoid perception, people make opposite mistake, using first form everywhere, such in incorrect sentence házban megyek (i go in house). effect can observed in public speeches of politicians, religious figures, etc.

a similar mistake affects old intransitive verbs, in old hungarian had distinct system of conjugation (the so-called ikes conjugation, referring -ik suffix in third-person singular). among others, system requires use of suffix -m instead of -k in first person (e.g. eszem instead of *eszek , eat ). conjugation preserved in parts, of rapidly fading out of use. however, due prescriptivist pressure, hungarian speakers incorrectly use -m suffixes on verbs ending in -ik , not old intransitive ones (e.g. *kapaszkodom instead of kapaszkodok , hold on ). -ik suffix mistakenly applied verbs not end in it, causing verb robban explode turn *robbanik.

finnish

as voiced consonants b , d , g rare in native finnish words, finns tend emphasise them in foreign words, more should necessary. example, finns might *bedagogiikka instead of pedagogiikka ( pedagogy ), *brobleema instead of probleema ( problem ), or *psygologia instead of psykologia ( psychology ). form of hypercorrection emphasised avoidance of pronouncing diphthong ie ia , occurs in finnish dialects, leading mispronouncing word piano ( piano ) *pieno.

polish

one example of hypercorrection in polish language adoption of coleslaw (itself stemming dutch term) adding accents seem simulating polish name bolesław. can explained english sounds in foreign names entering polish mass lingual consciousness: example, cola never pronounced [ts] sound, polish language rules dictate letter c pronounced. other common examples of hypercorrection in polish include nasal pronunciation of terminal ę, in rękę (correctly [-ɛ] , hypercorrectly [-ɛ᷉]) or hypercorrect pronunciation of voiced consonants instead of voiceless ones (jabłko pronounced [ʝabʊłko] instead of [ʝapłko] or [ʝapko]).