Destruction in the 17th century Stahleck Castle

-


spanish forces defend stahleck castle against recapture swedes in 1632; engraving matthäus merian, 1646


after introduction of cannon, artillery platform added medieval castle on northeast side cover access route, exact date of construction unknown. despite this, castle besieged, conquered, , sacked total of 8 times during thirty years war. on 4 october 1620, , town of bacharach taken spanish troops commanded ambrogio spinola, spaniards evicted protestant swedes on 9 january 1632. castle heavily damaged during siege leading recapture. copper engraving in matthäus merian s 1646 topographia germaniae depicts battle.


in july 1635, imperial troops under matthias gallas, count of campo, besieged stahleck. evicted 4 years later, in july 1639, saxe-weimar soldiers, castle occupied bavarian troops in march 1640. stayed short time, , after withdrawal saxe-weimar troops reoccupied castle , town. in autumn 1640, after 14-day siege, spanish troops once more took place.



stahleck castle in 1663, damage thirty years war; drawing lambert doomer


in september 1644, castle , town taken french soldiers after 10-day siege; following month, cologne troops attacked them , forced them retreat castle heavy losses. cologne commander, constantin von nievenheimb, therefore ordered bombardment , more or less ruination of castle, did not attempt capture it. french soldiers remained until 24 july 1650 had vacate castle under terms of peace of westphalia, returned palatinate , count palatine karl ludwig. in 1666, had castle repaired , made alterations: changed interior of palas , between , northern rampart built massive new building fachwerk half-timbered upper storey. inscribed stone tablet on palas commemorates rebuilding of castle.


during war of palatine succession, castle decisively destroyed, of fortifications in upper middle rhine valley. commander, von dachenhausen, surrendered french troops on 11 october 1688, on 15 march 1689 blew up. explosion destroyed both ring wall , keep, residential buildings burned out in resulting fire, , debris explosion destroyed gothic werner chapel @ foot of castle hill. castle heavily damaged not rebuilt. under 1697 treaty of ryswick, ruin reverted palatinate, remained until dissolution of county @ end of 18th century.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

File format Wavefront .obj file

-
1 file format 1.1 geometric vertex 1.2 parameter space vertices 1.3 face elements 1.3.1 vertex indices 1.3.2 vertex texture coordinate indices 1.3.3 vertex normal indices 1.3.4 vertex normal indices without texture coordinate indices 1.4 other geometry formats 1.5 referencing materials 1.6 relative , absolute indices file format lines beginning hash character (#) comments. # comment an obj file may contain vertex data, free-form curve/surface attributes, elements, free-form curve/surface body statements, connectivity between free-form surfaces, grouping , display/render attribute information. common elements geometric vertices, texture coordinates, vertex normals , polygonal faces: # list of geometric vertices, (x,y,z[,w]) coordinates, w optional , defaults 1.0. v 0.123 0.234 0.345 1.0 v ... ... # list of texture coordinates, in (u, v [,w]) coordinates, these vary between 0 , 1, w optional , defaults 0. vt 0.500 1 [0] vt ... ... # list of vertex normals in (x,y,z) for...
Read more

CEFR alignment Euroexam International

-
table 1 - euroexam cefr equivalence euroexam provides tests of communicative english language proficiency @ 5 of 6 levels of cefr, practical tool language professionals evaluate different linguistic competencies of ‘can do’ descriptors. euroexams written, marked, , results calibrated based on cefr levels. means euroexam c1 level pass equivalent other exam board’s c1 level pass, example ielts 6.5 no element less 5.5., or cambridge english language assessment s 180 or cae grade c. (see table 1) euroexams has been directly involved in number of cefr development projects, last of in 2016. euroexam employs combination of internal , independent research support claim of equivalence cefr , other major exams.
Read more

Books Soma Valliappan

-
1 books 1.1 hr, investment , management 1.2 columns 1.3 creative writing books hr, investment , management valliyappan’s first book, thittamiduvom vetriperuvom, dealt self-development, published in year 2002. first book did in market , continued authoring books such thottathellam ponnaagum, kaalam ungal kaladiyil etc. introduced many specialized subjects in management tamil readers. valliyappan’s alla alla panam, published in august 2004 kizhakku publishers (new horizon media), created new record of sorts in tamil publishing world. book sold ten thousand copies in first few months of launch, unheard of investment book in tamil. in 2010, book’s sale crossed 1 lakh mark. following phenomenal success of alla alla panam, (aap) introduced basics of stock market, went ahead , wrote 4 more books on different aspects of stock market , investment technical & fundamental analysis (aap-2), futures , options( aap-3), portfolio management (aap-4) , trading (aap-5). soon, valliyappan became name...
Read more