Culture Novgorod Republic

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1 culture

1.1 art , iconography
1.2 architecture , city layout
1.3 literature





culture
art , iconography

the republic of novgorod famous high level of culture in relation other russian duchies suzdal. great majority of important eastern artwork of period came city. citizens of novgorod producing large quantities of art, more specifically, religious icons. high level of artistic production due flourishing economy. not prominent boyar families commission creation of icons, artists had backing of wealthy merchants , members of strong artisan class. icons became prominent in novgorod end of 13th century citizen did not have particularly rich buy one; in fact, icons produced exports churches , homes. however, scholars today have managed find , preserve small, random assortment of icons made 12th century 14th century in novgorod.


the icons remain show mixture of traditional russian style, palaeologus-byzantine style (prominent in kiev), , european romanesque , gothic style. artists of novgorod, , audience, favored saints provided protection related economy. prophet elijah lord of thunder provided rain peasants’ fields. saint george, saint blaise, , saints florus , laurus provided manner of protection on fields or animals , herds of peasants. saint paraskeva pyatnitsa , saint anastasia both protected trade , merchants. saint nicholas patron of carpenters , protected travelers , suffering. both saint nicholas , prophet elijah offer protection fires. fires commonplace in fields , on streets of city. depictions of these saints retained popularity throughout entire reign of republic. in beginning of 14th century icon became prominent in city: virgin of mercy. icon commemorates appearance of virgin mary andrew yurodivyi , epifanii. during appearance, mary prays humankind. art movement of novgorod destroyed moscow after 1478, when more uniform method iconography established throughout russia.


architecture , city layout

the volkhov river divided republic of novgorod 2 halves. commercial side of city, contained main market, rested on 1 side of volkhov. st. sophia cathedral , ancient kremlin rested on other side of river. cathedral , kremlin surrounded solid ring of city walls, included bell tower. novgorod filled , surrounded churches , monasteries. city overcrowded because of large population of 30,000 people. wealthy (boyar families, artisans, , merchants) lived in large stone houses inside city walls, , poor used whatever space find. streets paved wood , accompanied wooden water-pipe system, byzantine invention protect against fire.


the byzantine style (famous large domes) , european romanesque style influenced architecture of novgorod. number of rich families commissioned churches , monasteries in city. 83 churches, of built in stone, operated during period. 2 prominent styles of churches existed in republic of novgorod. first style consisted of single apse slanted (lopastnyi) roof. style standard throughout russia during period. second style, novgorodian style, consisted of 3 apses , had roofs arched gables. second style prominent in years of republic of novgorod , in last years of republic, when style revitalized make statement against rising power of moscow. inside of churches contained icons, woodcarvings, , church plates.


literature

scholars believe republic of novgorod had unusually high level of literacy time period. archeologists found on 1 thousand birch-bark texts, dating 11th 15th centuries, in towns dating rus . 950 of these texts novgorod. archeologists , scholars assume fires destroyed majority of novgorod’s written works , 20,000 similar texts still remain hidden in city.


novgorod citizens class levels, boyars peasants , artisans merchants, participated in writing these texts. women wrote significant amount of manuscripts. collection of birch-bark texts consists of religious documents, writings city’s archbishops, business messages classes, , travelogues, of religious pilgrimages. citizens of novgorod wrote in realistic , businesslike fashion. collection of birch-bark texts includes chronicles of byliny (russian folklore , epic stories). heroes of these stories commonly men represented free , adventurous spirit of novgorod republic. 1 popular figure of time sadko, business man , traveler. popular figure vasilii buslaev, young giant gets fights neighbors. in addition birch-bark texts, archeologists found oldest surviving russian manuscript in novgorod: 3 wax tablets psalms 67, 75, , 76, dating first quarter of 11th century.








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