Behavior Japanese macaque

1 behavior

1.1 group structure
1.2 mating , parenting
1.3 communication
1.4 intelligence , culture

behavior
group structure

japanese macaques grooming

japanese macaques live in matrilineal societies, , females stay in natal groups life, while males move out before sexually mature. macaque groups tend contain number of adults of both sexes. in addition, japanese macaque troop contains several matrilines. these matrilines may exist in dominance hierarchy members of specific group ranking on members of lower-ranking group. temporary all-male groups exist, composed of have left natal groups , transfer group. however, many males spend ample time away group , may leave , join several groups.

japanese macaques @ jigokudani hotspring in nagano have become notable winter visits spa.




jigokudani

males within group have dominance hierarchy, 1 male having alpha status. dominance status of male macaques changes when former alpha male leaves or dies. other ways in status changes when alpha male loses rank or when troop splits, leaving new alpha position open. longer male in troop, higher status be. females exist in stable dominance hierarchy, , female s rank depends on mother. younger females tend rank higher older siblings. higher-ranking matrilines have greater social cohesion. strong relationships dominant females can allow dominant males retain rank when otherwise not.

females maintain both social relationships , hygiene through grooming. grooming occurs regardless of climate or season. females matrilineally related groom each other more unrelated individuals. females groom unrelated females maintain group cohesion , social relationships between different kinships in troop. nevertheless, female groom limited number of other females, if group expands. females groom males, hygienic purposes, can serve attract dominant males group. mothers pass grooming techniques offspring through social rather genetic means.

mating , parenting

macaques mating

a male , female macaque form pair bond , mate, feed, rest, , travel together, , typically lasts 16 days on average during mating season. females enter consortships average of 4 males season. higher-ranking males have longer consortships subordinates. in addition, higher-ranking males try disrupt consortships of lower-ranking males. females attempt mate males of rank. however, dominant males mate more more successful in mate guarding. female decides whether mating takes place. in addition, dominance not mean male mate female. males may temporarily join troop during mating season , mate females. females engage in same-sex mounting. such behavior because of hormones , females mounted more other females males.

during mating season, face , genitalia of males redden , tail stands erect. in addition, females faces , anogenital regions turn scarlet. macaques copulate both on ground , in trees, , 1 in 3 copulations leads ejaculation. macaques signal when ready mate looking backward on shoulder, staying still, or walking backwards towards potential partner. female emits smooth-late-high coo , or squawk , squeak , or produce atonal cackle during copulation. males have no copulatory vocalizations.

mother macaque infant

a macaque mother moves periphery of troop give birth in secluded spot, unless group moving, when female must stay it. macaques give birth on ground. infants born dark-brown hair. consume first solid food @ 5 6 weeks old, , can forage independently mothers 7 weeks. mother carries infant on belly first 4 weeks. after time, mother carries infant on back, well. infants continue carried past year. mother , infant tend avoid other troop members, , mother may socialize again slowly. however, alloparenting has been observed, females have not had infants of own. male care of infants occurs in groups, not in others; usually, older males protect, groom, , carry infant female would.

infants have developed locomotive abilities within 3 4 months. when infant 7 months old, mother discourages suckling; full weaning happens 18th month. in populations, male infants tend play in larger groups more females. however, female infants have more social interaction male counterparts. males prefer associate other males around same age, when 2 years old. female infants associate individuals of ages , sexes.

communication

during feeding or moving, japanese macaques emit coos . these serve keep troop , strengthen social relations between females. macaques respond coos coos of own. coos uttered before grooming along girney calls. variants of girney call made in different contexts. call serves appeasement between individuals in aggressive encounters. macaques have alarm calls alerting danger, , other calls signal estrus sound similar danger alerts. threat calls heard during aggressive encounters , uttered supporters of involved in antagonistic interactions. individual being supported support caller in future.

intelligence , culture

macaques @ hot spring

the japanese macaque intelligent species. researchers studying species @ koshima island in japan left sweet potatoes out on beach them eat, witnessed 1 female, named imo (japanese yam or potato), washing food off river water rather brushing off others doing, , later dipping clean food salty sea water. after while, others started copy behavior. trait passed on generation generation, until except oldest members of troop washing food , seasoning in sea. first observed balling wheat air pockets, throwing water, , waiting float before picking , eating free soil. altered misaccount of incident basis hundredth monkey effect.

the macaque has other unusual behaviours, including bathing in hot springs , rolling snowballs fun. also, in recent studies, japanese macaque has been found develop different accents, humans. macaques in areas separated few hundred miles can have different pitches in calls, form of communication. japanese macaque has been involved in many studies concerning neuroscience , used in drug testing.