Etymology Democratic Republic of the Congo

-


the democratic republic of congo named after congo river, flows through entire country. congo river world s deepest river , world s second largest river discharge. comité d études du haut congo ( committee study of upper congo ), established king leopold ii of belgium in 1876, , international association of congo, established him in 1879, named after river.


the congo river named european sailors after kingdom of kongo , bantu inhabitants, kongo people, when encountered them in 16th century. word kongo comes kongo language (also called kikongo). according american writer samuel henry nelson probable word kongo implies public gathering , based on root konga, gather (trans[itive]). modern name of kongo people or bakongo introduced in 20th century.


the democratic republic of congo has been known in past as, in chronological order, congo free state, belgian congo, republic of congo-léopoldville, democratic republic of congo , republic of zaire, before returning current name democratic republic of congo.


at time of independence belgium, country named republic of congo-léopoldville distinguish neighbour republic of congo-brazzaville. promulgation of luluabourg constitution on 1 august 1964, country became drc, renamed zaire (a past name congo river) on 27 october 1971 president mobutu sese seko part of authenticité initiative.


the word zaire portuguese adaptation of kikongo word nzere ( river ), truncation of nzadi o nzere ( river swallowing rivers ). river known zaire during 16th , 17th centuries; congo seems have replaced zaire gradually in english usage during 18th century, , congo preferred english name in 19th-century literature, although references zaire name used natives (i.e. derived portuguese usage) remained common.


in 1992, sovereign national conference voted change name of country democratic republic of congo , change not put practice. country s name restored president laurent-désiré kabila following fall of mobutu in 1997.








Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

File format Wavefront .obj file

-
1 file format 1.1 geometric vertex 1.2 parameter space vertices 1.3 face elements 1.3.1 vertex indices 1.3.2 vertex texture coordinate indices 1.3.3 vertex normal indices 1.3.4 vertex normal indices without texture coordinate indices 1.4 other geometry formats 1.5 referencing materials 1.6 relative , absolute indices file format lines beginning hash character (#) comments. # comment an obj file may contain vertex data, free-form curve/surface attributes, elements, free-form curve/surface body statements, connectivity between free-form surfaces, grouping , display/render attribute information. common elements geometric vertices, texture coordinates, vertex normals , polygonal faces: # list of geometric vertices, (x,y,z[,w]) coordinates, w optional , defaults 1.0. v 0.123 0.234 0.345 1.0 v ... ... # list of texture coordinates, in (u, v [,w]) coordinates, these vary between 0 , 1, w optional , defaults 0. vt 0.500 1 [0] vt ... ... # list of vertex normals in (x,y,z) for...
Read more

CEFR alignment Euroexam International

-
table 1 - euroexam cefr equivalence euroexam provides tests of communicative english language proficiency @ 5 of 6 levels of cefr, practical tool language professionals evaluate different linguistic competencies of ‘can do’ descriptors. euroexams written, marked, , results calibrated based on cefr levels. means euroexam c1 level pass equivalent other exam board’s c1 level pass, example ielts 6.5 no element less 5.5., or cambridge english language assessment s 180 or cae grade c. (see table 1) euroexams has been directly involved in number of cefr development projects, last of in 2016. euroexam employs combination of internal , independent research support claim of equivalence cefr , other major exams.
Read more

Books Soma Valliappan

-
1 books 1.1 hr, investment , management 1.2 columns 1.3 creative writing books hr, investment , management valliyappan’s first book, thittamiduvom vetriperuvom, dealt self-development, published in year 2002. first book did in market , continued authoring books such thottathellam ponnaagum, kaalam ungal kaladiyil etc. introduced many specialized subjects in management tamil readers. valliyappan’s alla alla panam, published in august 2004 kizhakku publishers (new horizon media), created new record of sorts in tamil publishing world. book sold ten thousand copies in first few months of launch, unheard of investment book in tamil. in 2010, book’s sale crossed 1 lakh mark. following phenomenal success of alla alla panam, (aap) introduced basics of stock market, went ahead , wrote 4 more books on different aspects of stock market , investment technical & fundamental analysis (aap-2), futures , options( aap-3), portfolio management (aap-4) , trading (aap-5). soon, valliyappan became name...
Read more