Solvent effects SN1 reaction

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since sn1 reaction involves formation of unstable carbocation intermediate in rate-determining step, can facilitate speed reaction. normal solvents of choice both polar (to stabilize ionic intermediates in general) , protic (to solvate leaving group in particular). typical polar protic solvents include water , alcohols, act nucleophiles , process known solvolysis.


the y scale correlates solvolysis reaction rates of solvent (k) of standard solvent (80% v/v ethanol/water) (k0) through







log
⁡


(


k

k

0




)


=
m
y



{\displaystyle \log {\left({\frac {k}{k_{0}}}\right)}=my\,}



with m reactant constant (m = 1 tert-butyl chloride) , y solvent parameter. example, 100% ethanol gives y = −2.3, 50% ethanol in water y = +1.65 , 15% concentration y = +3.2.








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