Maternal care Tessaratomidae

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the brilliantly colored , strangely shaped nymphs of pycanum rubens bear little resemblance adults.


maternal care well-documented presocial behavior among tessaratomids. egg guarding adult females first observed in 1991 s. tachikawa among japanese species of genera pygoplatys (subfamily tessaratominae) , erga (subfamily oncomerinae).


in 1998, gogala et al. described tessaratomines of genus pygoplatys thailand , malaysia showing egg guarding behavior. in addition, observed exhibit remarkable maternal behavior. dense cluster of small nymphs photographed being carried around adult females. nymphs firmly clutching unto bottom side of abdomens of adults , each other, forming compact mass. females seem unimpeded burden , able walk around , fly. nymphs, however, not observed feeding. behavior known nymphal phoresy (used adjectivally phoretic ).


in indonesian species pygoplatys tenangau, females cover clutch of 70 120 eggs bodies after laying them, literally standing guard on them. when approached, spray defensive liquid @ perceived attackers , may buzz wings. not willingly abandon eggs guarding, however, , if picked try hold unto leaf eggs attached. takes more 2 weeks eggs hatch. hatching process take 3 4 days, during newly hatched nymphs clamber unto mother s abdomen. observed remain phoretic @ least 17 days (magnien et al., 2008).


in subfamily oncomerinae, predominantly australian group of large colorful bugs, brooding behavior varies species not practice @ (exhibited musgraveia sulciventris) adult females carrying first , second instar nymphs on abdomens.


adult female oncomerines of genus lyramorpha guard nymphs @ least second instar.


oncomerines of genera cumare, garceus, , peltocopta exhibit advanced form of maternal care. described southeast asian pygoplatys individuals, females carry young nymphs around on abdomens. nymphs grow older, separate mothers, lose bright colors, , become more solitary prior molting adults. species exhibit behavior have flattened , expanded abdomens.


of australian oncomerines, bronze orange bug (musgraveia sulciventris) species unequivocally documented lack maternal brooding behavior. peculiarity might connected unreliability of food plant availability species (monteith, 2011). unlike other oncomerines can lay 1 egg clutch amount of time takes care them, m. sulciventris can produce multiple egg clutches rapidly because females don t have care them. allows m. sulciventris rapidly expand population when conditions favorable.








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