History Nahdlatul Ulama

1 history

1.1 origin
1.2 transformation islamic political party
1.3 outside politics
1.4 post-new order era

history
origin

the nahdlatul ulama (revival/awakening of ulama) established in 1926 organization orthodox muslims opposed modernist policies of muhammadiyah organization, rejected pre-islamic javanese traditions. organization established after committee of hijaz had fulfilled duty , dissolved. organization established hasjim asjari, head of islamic religious school in east java. organization expanded, base of support remained in east java. 1928, nu using javanese language in sermons, alongside arabic.

in 1937, despite poor relations between nu , muhammidayah, 2 organizations established supreme islamic council of indonesia (indonesian: majlis islam laa indonesia, miai) discussion forum. joined of other islamic organizations in existence @ time. in 1942, japanese occupied indonesia , in september conference of islamic leaders held in jakarta. japanese wanted replace miai, conference not decided maintain organization, elected political figures belonging psii leadership, rather members of non-political nu or muhammadiyah occupiers had wanted. on year later, miai dissolved , replaced japanese-sponsored masyumi (consultative council of indonesian muslims). hasjim asjari notional chairman, in practice new organization led son, wahid hasyim. other nu , muhammadiyah figures held leadership positions.

in 1945, sukarno , hatta declared indonesian independence. during indonesian war of independence, nu declared fight against dutch colonial forces holy war, obligatory muslims. among guerrilla groups fighting independence hizbullah , sabillilah, led nu.

transformation islamic political party

following recognition of indonesian independence, new party called masyumi established nu component of it. nu leadership @ time had no political skills, , awarded few influential cabinet positions, exception of chairman wahid hasyim, appointed religious affairs minister. nu unhappy lack of influence within masyumi, after decision @ 1949 party conference changed party s religious council, on nu held several positions, powerless advisory body. 2 years later, dispute on organization of haj pilgrimage led prime minister natsir s opposition reappointment of hasyim religious affairs minister in next cabinet. in ensuing cabinet crisis, nu made series of demands, including retention of hasyim, , threatened leave masyumi. on 5 april 1952, few days after announcement of new cabinet without hasyim, nu decided in principle leave masyumi. 3 months later withdrew members masyumi councils, , on 30 august established indonesian league of muslims, comprising nu, pssi , number of smaller organizations. chaired hasyim.

during liberal democracy era (1950–1957), nu members served in number of cabinet posts. in first ali sastroamidjojo cabinet, nu held 3 seats, zainul arifin appointed second deputy prime minister. however, following fall of cabinet, nu members opposed nu joining new cabinet, formed burhanuddin harahap cabinet, believing if unable form cabinet, nu invited try. pressured participating, , awarded interior , religious affairs portfolios in cabinet, sworn in on 12 august 1955.

on 29 september 1955, indonesia held first parliamentary elections. nu came in third, 7 million votes, 18.4% of total, behind indonesian national party , masyumi. awarded 45 seats in people s representative council, 8 before election. nu largest party in east java base, , 85.6% of vote came java. there clear division between masyumi, representing outer-island, urban voters , nu, representing rural javanese constituency. 3 months later, elections held constitutional assembly, tasked drawing permanent constitution. results similar, nu winning 91 of 114 seats.

in 1950s, nu still wanted see indonesia become islamic state, , expressed disapproval of 1953 presidential speech in sukarno rejected this. 3 years later, argued against sukarno s conception lead establishment of guided democracy, mean pki members sitting in cabinet. on 2 march 1957, permesta rebellion broke out. among demands restoration of mohammad hatta vice-presidency. nu supported these calls. meanwhile, in constitutional assembly, nu joined masyumi, indonesian islamic union party (psii), islamic educators association (perti) , other parties form islamic block, wanted indonesian become islamic state. block made 44.8% of total seats. however, none of blocks able command majority , push through constitution wanted, assembly failed agree , dissolved sukarno in decree on 5 july 1959 restored original 1945 constitution, declared state based on pancasila philosophy, not islam.

in 1960, president sukarno banned masyumi alleged involvement in permesta rebellion. however, fundamentalist , compradore leadership of nu saw pro-poor communist party of indonesia, close sukarno, obstacle ambitions, , competed win support poor. 5 years later, coup attempt 30 september movement took place. in 1965, group took sides general suharto-led army , heavily involved in mass killings of indonesian communists. however, nu later began oppose suharto s regime. in 1984, abdurrahman wahid, grandson of nu founder hasyim asy ari, inherited leadership father, , later elected president of indonesia in 1999. formally apologized nu s involvement in events of 1965. stated nadhatul ulama (nu) shiite minus imamah; shiite nu plus imamah. there have been many similarities between two, such position , role of kyai. main contrast between them in nu, concept visible in form of accepted culture, while in shia, takes form of theology.

following deposing of sukarno, new order regime under president suharto held elections in 1971. despite manipulation of nu government, caused lose credibility, nu managed maintain 18% share of vote 1955 poll. however, in 1973, obliged fuse new united development party (indonesian: partai persatuan pembangunan, ppp). ppp came second, after government sponsored golkar organization in elections of 1977 , 1982, in 1984, new nu chairman abdurrahman wahid (also known gus dur), son of wahid haschim, withdrew nu ppp because of dissatisfaction nu s lack of influence. result, in 1987 election, ppp vote collapsed 28% in 1982 16%. on, expected nu concentrate on religious , social activities.

outside politics

in 1984, new order government announced organizations have accept state ideology pancasila basis. once again nu accommodating, gus dur calling pancasila noble compromise muslims. 5 years later. gus dur reelected second five-year term chairman, position held until being elected president in 1999.

in 1990, nu worked bank summa establish system of rural banks. suharto did not approve of nu straying beyond purely religious activities, , fact bank owned christian ethnic-chinese family led controversy. bank shut down 2 years later because of financial mismanagement. gus dur incurred disapproval of regime holding mass rally @ jakarta stadium 3 months before 1992 legislative elections, ostensibly express support pancasila. resulted in gus dur being invited meet lt. col. prabowo subianto, suharto s son-in-law @ jakarta military headquarters. @ meeting, gus dur warned avoid unacceptable political conduct, , told if insisted in involving himself in politics, rather confining himself religious matters, should express support further presidential term suharto. in response, gus dur threatened leave nu. resulted in regime backing down, not risk bringing gus dur down.

post-new order era

during fall of suharto, nahdlatul ulama members , islamic clerics killed rioters in banyuwangi in east java when witchhunt against alleged sorcerers spiralled out of control. following fall of suharto , replacement vice-president b. j. habibie, in july 1998 gus dur announced establishment of national awakening party (indonesian: partai kebangkitan bangsa, pkb). on 10 november, gus dur met other pro-reform figures amien rais, megawati sukarnoputri , sultan hamengkubuwono. so-called ciganjur four, named after location of gus dur s house, issued declaration calling habibie administration transitional , calling elections brought forward , indonesian military end political role

in indonesia s first free elections since 1955, held on 7 june 1999, pkb won 13 percent of vote. in ensuing session of people s consultative assembly, gus dur elected president of indonesia, defeating megawati 373 votes 313. however, deposed 2 years later. pkb subsequently split 2 warring factions, 1 led gus dur s daughter, yenny wahid. attempt in 2008 gus dur involve president susilo bambang yudhoyono in resolving dispute failed, , pkb vote in 2009 elections half of previous vote in 2004. @ 2010 conference, held in makassar, nu decided not discuss split, , passed resolution banning officials holding political posts, seen commitment avoiding future political involvement. after conference, concerns longer term role of nu continued attract comment in national media. during 2011, example, there continuing discussion national role nu should play , close political links between nu , national awakening party (pkb). comments gus dur s daughter, yenny wahid, example, reflected these concerns when said nu fragmenting , sliding irrelevance .