History Republicanism in Spain

1 history

1.1 origins, first republic, , bourbon restoration
1.2 primo de rivera, second republic, , franco regime
1.3 exile , holocaust
1.4 after transition democracy

history
origins, first republic, , bourbon restoration

the roots of spanish republicanism arose out of liberal thought in wake of french revolution. first manifestations of republicanism occurred during peninsular war, in spain , nearby regions fought independence napoleon, 1808–1814. during reign of ferdinand vii (1813–1833) there several liberalist military pronunciamientos, not until reign of isabella ii (1833–1868) first republican , anti-monarchist movements appeared.

the republics of world, france, united states, , switzerland, among others, praise first spanish republic, while monarchies of world repudiate it.

the glorious revolution of 1868 overthrew isabella ii, cortes, spanish parliament revived elections of 1869, voted in favor of monarchy. search new king made amongst several european royal courts. selection italian prince amadeo de saboya, in midst of country profoundly instable, enveloped in diverse wars (the third carlist war, due aspirations throne of bourbon branch of carlists, , ten years war in cuba, among others) , including opposition of republicans , large part of aristocracy, catholic church, , spanish people, king amadeo abdicated on february 11, 1873.

on same day in 1873, cortes proclaimed first spanish republic. however, republic fell victim same instabilities provoked ongoing wars , division amongst republicans. majority of republicans federalists, , therefore supported formation of federal democratic republic, there unitary republic school. more, within federalists there intransigent pro-confederation sector infuriated , later quashed cantonal revolution of 1873. complicated political situation demonstrated fact in eleven months there 4 presidents of republic: francesc pi margall, estanislao figueras, nicolás salmerón, , emilio castelar (the non-federalist president). on january 3, 1874, general manuel pavía led coup d état established conservative unitary republican dictatorship under command of general francisco serrano y domínguez. dictatorship in turn ousted pronunciamiento on december 29, 1874, in brigadier general arsenio martínez campos declared bourbon restoration , alfonso xii ascended throne.

following restoration, diverse republican parties appeared once again, example castelar s partido demócrata—later partido demócrata posibilista (pdp) – , cristino martos s partido progresista demócrata. nonetheless, these parties, immersed in system of inequal censitary suffrage between 1878 , 1890, unable compete large dynastic parties: liberal-conservative party of antonio cánovas del castillo , liberal party of práxedes mateo sagasta. later francisco pi formed partido republicano democrático federal (prdf), manuel ruiz zorrilla , josé maría esquerdo created partido republicano progresista (prp), , nicolás salmerón established partido republicano centralista (prc). these parties contributed diverse set of independent republican deputies spanish parliament. factions of pdp , prp branched off , fused form partido republicano nacional. in 1898 fusión republicana formed, , in 1903 creation of republican union party attempted represent , fuse streams of republican thought. however, 2 parties split republican union: alejandro lerroux s partido republicano radical , vicente blasco s partido de unión republicana autonomista. in time catalan centre nacionalista republicà (cnr) appeared. following acts of tragic week in barcelona in 1909, republican parties , spanish socialist workers party ( psoe in spanish) joined form conjunción republicano-socialista, @ same time catalan sectors of republican union, cnr, , prdf formed republican nationalist federal union. later melquiades Álvarez split conjunción republicano-socialista form reformist party.

primo de rivera, second republic, , franco regime

after 1917, restoration regime entered state of crisis, resulted in coup d état of miguel primo de rivera, captain-general of catalonia. primo de rivera established dictatorship approval of king alfonso xiii. crisis of dictatorship lead resignation of primo de rivera in 1930 , made fall of monarchy inevitable. on april 14, 1931, 2 days after round of municipal elections in republicans won landslide victory, alfonso xiii sent exile , second spanish republic proclaimed.

the second republic adopted form of unitary republic, allowing formation of autonomous regions, status adopted catalonia , basque country. republic had confront political polarization of era, @ same time totalitarian dictatorships rising in power in europe. first president of second republic niceto alcalá zamora of liberal republican right. later manuel azaña, of republican action (later republican left) in coalition psoe, elected president after political left s victories in june 1931 elections. azaña s government attempted bring many reforms, such agrarian reform law, therefore azaña administration known bienio reformista ( two-year reformists in english). in 1931 that, first time in spanish history, universal suffrage established, granting women right vote.

flag of second spanish republic

that in 1932 there had been failed coup led general josé sanjurjo shows political instability of time. in general elections of 1933, josé maría gil-robles s coalition confederación española de derechas autónomas won parliamentary majority, followed lerroux s partido republicano radical. ceda, united diverse conservative , christian democrat parties, rejected presidency of alcalá zamora, instead electing lerroux, appointed cabinet of ministers several members of ceda. integration of ceda in government 1 of motivations spanish revolution of 1934, in sectors of psoe, communist party of spain (partido comunista de españa or pce ), , trade unions unión general de trabajadores (ugt) , confederación nacional del trabajo (cnt) lead general strike. anti-government strike occurred @ same time esquerra republicana de catalunya ( erc ) s lluís companys, president of generalitat of catalonia, proclaimed catalan state within spanish federal republic. violent repression of revolution, in asturais, suppression of catalan autonomy, , detention of numerous political personages motived formation of spanish popular front psoe, ugt, pce, erc, partido obrero de unificación marxista (in spanish poum ), republican left, , republican union, amongst other. popular front came out victorious in general elections of 1936, returning manuel azaña presidency after dismissing alcalá zamora.

on july 17, 1936, there failed military pronunciamiento in morocco managed take control of part of territory, provoked outbreak of spanish civil war. while republican regime abandoned other european democracies , received military support soviet union, conservative rebels supported nazi germany , fascist italy, support pivotal in final victory of nationalist uprising. triumphant general francisco franco established brutal, ironclad dictatorship lasted until death in 1975. well, emilio mola, leader of uprising against second republic, attempted establish republican dictatorship, in 1947 franco established authoritarian dictatorship regency monarchy, , in 1969 named juan carlos de borbón, grandson of ousted alfonso xiii, successor , next king. juan carlos ascended throne upon dictator s death in 1975.

exile , holocaust

a spanish republican government in exile established in paris in april 1939. thousands of republicans fled country france well. many of them captured after france occupied nazi germany in 1940; 7,000 died in concentration camps, mauthausen-gusen, during holocaust. republican government in exile moved mexico city in 1940, returning paris in 1946.

after transition democracy

the anti-franco opposition failed in attempts provoke dictators downfall, , after death started process of negotiation government led spanish transition democracy, in spain chose democratic parliamentary monarchy form of government, support of groups had advocated republic, psoe , pce. in 1977, after first democratic general elections since francoist dictatorship, spanish republican government-in-exile, maintained since end of civil war, dissolved , officially recognized post-franco democratic regime. republicanism in spain since 1976, principally during transition, represented acción republicana democrática española (arde), republican left, , spanish republican party. however, communist party (pce) , coalition united left have resumed advocating third spanish republic. there other regional parties advocating republicanism.