Causes Hangover

1 causes

1.1 pathophysiology
1.2 acetaldehyde
1.3 congeners
1.4 dehydration
1.5 low blood sugar
1.6 immune system
1.7 person-related factors

causes

the processes lead hangovers still poorly understood. several pathophysiological changes may give rise alcohol hangover including increased levels of acetaldehyde, hormonal alterations of cytokine pathways , decrease of availability of glucose. additional associated phenomena dehydration, metabolic acidosis, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, increased cardiac output, vasodilation, sleep deprivation , insufficient eating. complex organic molecules found in alcoholic beverages known congeners may play important role in producing hangover effects because some, such methanol, metabolized notably toxic substances formaldehyde , formic acid.

pathophysiology

alcohol flush reaction result of accumulation of acetaldehyde, first metabolite of alcohol

after being ingested, ethanol first converted acetaldehyde enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase , acetic acid oxidation , egestion process. these reactions convert nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad) reduced form nadh in redox reaction. causing imbalance of nad/nadh redox system, alcoholic beverages make normal bodily functions more difficult. consequences of alcohol induced redox changes in human body include increased triglyceride production, increased amino acid catabolism, inhibition of citric acid cycle, lactic acidosis, ketoacidosis, hyperuricemia, disturbance in cortisol , androgen metabolism , increased fibrogenesis. metabolism of glucose , insulin influenced. however, recent studies showed no significant correlation between hangover severity , concentrations of various hormones, electrolytes, free fatty acids, triglycerides, lactate, ketone bodies, cortisol, , glucose in blood , urine samples.

alcohol induces cyp2e1 enzyme, metabolizes ethanol , other substances more reactive toxins. in particular, in binge drinking enzyme activated , plays role in creating harmful condition known oxidative stress can lead cell death.

acetaldehyde

acetaldehyde, first by-product of ethanol, between 10 , 30 times more toxic alcohol , can remain @ elevated plateau many hours after initial ethanol consumption. in addition, genetic factors can amplify negative effects of acetaldehyde. example, people (predominantely east asians) have mutation in alcohol dehydrogenase gene makes enzyme unusually fast @ converting ethanol acetaldehyde. in addition, half of east asians convert acetaldehyde acetic acid more (via acetaldehyde dehydrogenase), causing higher buildup of acetaldehyde seen in other groups. high concentration of acetaldehyde causes alcohol flush reaction, colloquially known asian flush . since alcohol flush reaction highly uncomfortable , possibility of hangovers immediate , severe, people gene variant less become alcoholics.

clear liquors such vodka have lower concentration of congeners

acetaldehyde may influence glutathione peroxidase, key antioxidant enzyme, , increases susceptibility oxidative stress. likewise, acetic acid (or acetate ion) can cause additional problems. 1 study found injecting sodium acetate rats caused them have nociceptive behavior (headaches). in addition, there biochemical explanation finding. high acetate levels cause adenosine accumulate in many parts of brain. when rats given caffeine, blocks action of adenosine, no longer experienced headaches.

congeners

in addition ethanol , water, alcoholic drinks contain congeners, either flavoring or by-product of fermentation , wine aging process. while ethanol sufficient produce hangover effects, congeners may potentially aggravate hangover , other residual effects extent. congeners include substances such amines, amides, acetones, acetaldehydes, polyphenols, methanol, histamines, fusel oil, esters, furfural, , tannins, many not of toxic. 1 study in mice indicates fusel oil may have mitigating effect on hangover symptoms, while whiskey congeners such butanol protect stomach against gastric mucosal damage in rat. different types of alcoholic beverages contain different amounts of congeners. in general, dark liquors have higher concentration while clear liquors have lower concentration. whereas vodka has virtually no more congeners pure ethanol, bourbon has total congener content 37 times higher found in vodka.

several studies have examined whether types of alcohol cause worse hangovers. 4 studies concluded darker liquors, have higher congeners, produced worse hangovers. 1 showed hangovers worse , more frequent darker liquors. in 2006 study, average of 14 standard drinks (330 ml each) of beer needed produce hangover, 7 8 drinks required wine or liquor (note 1 standard drink has same amount of alcohol regardless of type). study ranked several drinks ability cause hangover follows (from low high): distilled ethanol diluted fruit juice, beer, vodka, gin, white wine, whisky, rum, red wine , brandy.

one potent congener methanol. naturally formed in small quantities during fermentation , can accidentally concentrated improper distillation techniques. metabolism of methanol produces extremely toxic compounds, such formaldehyde , formic acid, may play role in severity of hangover. ethanol slows conversion of methanol toxic metabolites of methanol can excreted harmlessly in breath , urine without forming toxic metabolites. may explain temporary postponement of symptoms reported in common remedy of drinking more alcohol relieve hangover symptoms. since methanol metabolism inhibited consumption of alcohol, methanol accumulates during drinking , begins metabolized once ethanol has been cleared. delayed action makes attractive candidate explanation delayed post-intoxication symptoms , correlations between methanol concentrations , presence of hangover symptoms have been found in studies.

dehydration

ethanol has dehydrating effect causing increased urine production (diuresis), cause thirst, dry mouth, dizziness , may lead electrolyte imbalance. studies suggest electrolyte changes play minor role in genesis of alcohol hangover , caused dehydration effects. drinking water may relieve symptoms result of dehydration unlikely rehydration reduces presence , severity of alcohol hangover. alcohol s effect on stomach lining can account nausea because alcohol stimulates production of hydrochloric acid in stomach.

low blood sugar

studies show alcohol hangover associated decrease in blood glucose concentration (less 70 ml/dl), relationship between blood glucose concentration , hangover severity unclear. known insulin shock, hypoglycemia can lead coma or death.

immune system

in current research, significant relationship between immune factors , hangover severity convincing among factors far studied. imbalance of immune system, in particular of cytokine metabolism has been identified playing role in pathophysiology of hangover state. hangover symptoms nausea, headache, , fatigue have been suggested mediated changes in immune system. concentration of several cytokines have been found increased in blood after alcohol consumption. these include interleukin 12 (il-12), interferon gamma (ifnγ) , interleukin 10 (il-10). pharmacological studies such on tolfenamic acid , opuntia ficus-indica (ofi) have indicated involvement of immune system. these studies suggest presence , severity of hangover symptoms can reduced administration of cyclooxygenase inhibitor such aspirin or ibuprofen.

person-related factors

several factors not in cause alcohol hangover known influence severity. these factors include personality, genetics, health status, age, sex, associated activities during drinking such smoking, use of other drugs, physical activity such dancing, sleep quality , duration.

genetics: alleles associated aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) , flushing phenotypes (alcohol flush reaction) in asians known genetic factors influence alcohol tolerance , development of hangover effects. existing data shows drinkers genotypes known lead acetaldehyde accumulation more susceptible hangover effects. fact 25% of heavy drinkers claim have never had hangover indication genetic variation plays role in individual differences of hangover severity.
age: people experience hangovers getting worse 1 ages. thought caused declining supplies of alcohol dehydrogenase, enzyme involved in metabolizing alcohol. although unknown whether hangover symptoms , severity change age, research shows drinking patterns change across ages, , heavy drinking episodes may result in hangover less experienced age increases.
sex: @ same number of drinks, women more prone hangover men, , explained sex differences in pharmacokinetics of alcohol. women attain higher blood alcohol concentration (bac) men @ same number of drinks. @ equivalent bacs, men , women appear indistinguishable respect hangover effects.
cigarette smoking: acetaldehyde absorbed cigarette smoking during alcohol consumption regarded contributor alcohol hangover symptoms.




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