Construction, inauguration, and Roman renovations Colosseum

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colosseum



sestertius of titus celebrating inauguration of colosseum (minted 80 ad).



a map of central rome during roman empire, colosseum @ upper right corner


the site chosen flat area on floor of low valley between caelian, esquiline , palatine hills, through canalised stream ran. 2nd century bc area densely inhabited. devastated great fire of rome in ad 64, following nero seized of area add personal domain. built grandiose domus aurea on site, in front of created artificial lake surrounded pavilions, gardens , porticoes. existing aqua claudia aqueduct extended supply water area , gigantic bronze colossus of nero set nearby @ entrance domus aurea.



cross-section lexikon der gesamten technik (1904)


although colossus preserved, of domus aurea torn down. lake filled in , land reused location new flavian amphitheatre. gladiatorial schools , other support buildings constructed nearby within former grounds of domus aurea. vespasian s decision build colosseum on site of nero s lake can seen populist gesture of returning people area of city nero had appropriated own use. in contrast many other amphitheatres, located on outskirts of city, colosseum constructed in city centre; in effect, placing both symbolically , precisely @ heart of rome.


construction funded opulent spoils taken jewish temple after great jewish revolt in 70 ad led siege of jerusalem. according reconstructed inscription found on site, emperor vespasian ordered new amphitheatre erected general s share of booty. along spoils, estimated 100,000 jewish prisoners brought rome after war, , many contributed massive workforce needed construction. slaves undertook manual labor such working in quarries @ tivoli travertine quarried, along lifting , transporting quarried stones 20 miles tivoli rome. along free source of unskilled labor, teams of professional roman builders, engineers, artists, painters , decorators undertook more specialized tasks necessary building colosseum.


construction of colosseum began under rule of vespasian in around 70–72 ad (73-75 ad according sources) colosseum had been completed third story time of vespasian s death in 79. top level finished son, titus, in 80, , inaugural games held in a.d. 80 or 81. dio cassius recounts on 9,000 wild animals killed during inaugural games of amphitheatre. commemorative coinage issued celebrating inauguration. building remodelled further under vespasian s younger son, newly designated emperor domitian, constructed hypogeum, series of underground tunnels used house animals , slaves. added gallery top of colosseum increase seating capacity.


in 217, colosseum badly damaged major fire (caused lightning, according dio cassius) destroyed wooden upper levels of amphitheatre s interior. not repaired until 240 , underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 , again in 320. gladiatorial fights last mentioned around 435. inscription records restoration of various parts of colosseum under theodosius ii , valentinian iii (reigned 425–455), possibly repair damage caused major earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 , 508. arena continued used contests 6th century. animal hunts continued until @ least 523, when anicius maximus celebrated consulship venationes, criticised king theodoric great high cost.








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